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The following examples of segregation are excerpts from examples of Jim
Crow laws shown on the National Park Service website. The examples include anti-miscegenation laws; though sometimes
counted among the "Jim Crow laws" of the South, those laws had also
existed outside the South for many years. Anti-miscegenation laws were not
repealed by the Civil Rilhts Act of 1964 but were declared unconstitutional in
the 1960 Supreme Court case Loving v. Virginia. Alabama "All passenger stations in this state operated by any motor
transportation company shall have separate waiting rooms or space and separate
ticket windows for the white and colored races." Arizona "The marriage of a person of Caucasian blood with a Negro, Mongolian,
Malay, or Hindu shall be null and void." Arkansas Various laws from 1766 to 1957 prohibited marriage or relations between
whites and blacks or mulattoes, providing for specific fines and imprisonment of
up to three years.[1] Various laws from 1891 to 1959 segregated rail travel, streetcars, buses,
all public carriers, race tracks, gaming establishments, polling places,
washrooms in mines, tuberculosis hospitals, public schools and teachers'
colleges. A poll tax
was first imposed in the 1890s. Florida "All marriages between a white person and a Negro, or between a white
person and a person of Negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are
hereby forever prohibited." "Any Negro man and white woman, or any white man and Negro woman, who
are not married to each other, who shall habitually live in and occupy in the
nighttime the same room shall each be punished by imprisonment not exceeding
twelve (12) months, or by fine not exceeding five hundred ($500.00)
dollars." "The schools for white children and the schools for Negro children
shall be conducted separately." Georgia "All persons licensed to conduct a restaurant, shall serve either
white people exclusively or colored people exclusively and shall not sell to
the two races within the same room or serve the two races anywhere under the
same license." "It shall be unlawful for any amateur white baseball team to play baseball
on any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks of a playground devoted
to the Negro race, and it shall be unlawful for any amateur colored baseball
team to play baseball in any vacant lot or baseball diamond within two blocks
of any playground devoted to the white race." Kentucky "The children of white and colored races committed to the houses of
reform shall be kept entirely separate from each other." Louisiana "Any person who shall rent any part of any such building to a Negro
person or a Negro family when such building is already in whole or in part in
occupancy by a white person or white family, or vice versa when the building is
in occupancy by a Negro person or Negro family, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor
and on conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not less than
twenty-five ($25.00) nor more than one hundred ($100.00) dollars or be
imprisoned not less than 10, or more than 60 days, or both such fine and
imprisonment in the discretion of the court." Maryland "All railroad companies and corporations, and all persons running or
operating cars or coaches by steam on any railroad line or track in the State
of Maryland, for the transportation of passengers, are hereby required to
provide separate cars or coaches for the travel and transportation of the white
and colored passengers." Mississippi "Any person...who shall be guilty of printing, publishing or
circulating printed, typewritten or written matter urging or presenting for
public acceptance or general information, arguments or suggestions in favor of
social equality or of intermarriage between whites and Negroes, shall be guilty
of a misdemeanor and subject to fine or not exceeding five hundred (500.00)
dollars or imprisonment not exceeding six (6) months or both." Missouri "Separate free schools shall be established for the education of
children of African descent; and it shall be unlawful for any colored child to
attend any white school, or any white child to attend a colored school." New Mexico "Separate rooms [shall] be provided for the teaching of pupils of
African descent, and [when] said rooms are so provided, such pupils may not be
admitted to the school rooms occupied and used by pupils of Caucasian or other
descent." North Carolina "Books shall not be interchangeable between the white and colored
schools, but shall continue to be used by the race first using them. " "The state librarian is directed to fit up and maintain a separate
place for the use of the colored people who may come to the library for the
purpose of reading books or periodicals." Oklahoma "The [Conservation] Commission shall have the right to make segregation
of the white and colored races as to the exercise of rights of fishing, boating
and bathing." "The baths and lockers for the negroes shall be separate from the
white race, but may be in the same building." "The Corporation Commission is hereby vested with power and authority
to require telephone companies... to maintain separate booths for white and
colored patrons when there is a demand for such separate booths. That the
Corporation Commission shall determine the necessity for said separate booths
only upon complaint of the people in the town and vicinity to be served after
due hearing as now provided by law in other complaints filed with the
Corporation Commission." South Carolina "No persons, firms, or corporations, who or which furnish meals to
passengers at station restaurants or station eating houses, in times limited by
common carriers of said passengers, shall furnish said meals to white and
colored passengers in the same room, or at the same table, or at the same
counter." "It shall be unlawful for any parent, relative, or other white person
in this State, having the control or custody of any white child, by right of guardianship,
natural or acquired, or otherwise, to dispose of, give or surrender such white
child permanently into the custody, control, maintenance, or support, of a
negro." Texas Twenty-seven Jim Crow laws were passed in the Lone Star state from 1866 to
1958. Some examples include: 1950: Separate facilities required for white and black citizens in state
parks 1953: Public carriers to be segregated 1957: No child compelled to attend schools that are racially mixed. No desegregation
unless approved by election. Governor may close schools where troops used on
federal authority. Virginia "Every person... operating... any public hall, theater, opera house,
motion picture show or any place of public entertainment or public assemblage
which is attended by both white and colored persons, shall separate the white
race and the colored race and shall set apart and designate... certain seats
therein to be occupied by white persons and a portion thereof, or certain seats
therein, to be occupied by colored persons." "The conductors or managers on all such railroads shall have power,
and are hereby required, to assign to each white or colored passenger his or
her respective car, coach or compartment. If the passenger fails to disclose
his race, the conductor and managers, acting in good faith, shall be the sole
judges of his race." West Virginia "White and colored persons shall not be taught in the same
school." This point-blank requirement for segregated schools was proclaimed in West Virginia's State Constitution as Article XII Section 8. In a remarkable show of the persistence of segregationist attitudes extending to the highest levels of state government, numerous attempts to remove this article from the constitution were defeated in the state legislature until it was finally repealed on Nov 8, 1994. HOME |